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        <title>Registro bibliográfico </title>
        <link>https://bvssan.incap.int/biblio?q=&amp;filter=indexed_database%3A%22REPINCAP%22+AND+author%3A%22Kroker-Lobos%2C+M.+F%22</link>
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   <title><![CDATA[Two countries, similar practices: the political practices of the food industry influencing the adoption of key public health nutrition policies in Guatemala and Panama]]></title>
   <author><![CDATA[Kroker-Lobos, M. F, Morales, L. A, Ramírez-Zea, M]]></author>
   <link>https://bvssan.incap.int/biblio/resource/?id=biblioref.referencesource.1397399</link>
   <description><![CDATA[To identify the corporate political activity (CPA) strategies used by food industry actors during the development of two public health nutrition policies in Central America: Law #570 (taxation of sugar-sweetened beverages) in Panama and Bill #5504 (labelling and food marketing regulations) in Guatemala.  We triangulated data from publicly available  information from 2018 to 2020, (e.g. industry and government materials; social media material) with semistructured interviews with key stakeholders.  Guatemala and Panama.
Participants: Government, academia and international organisations workers in health and nutrition.  CPA strategies were categorised according to an existing internationally used taxonomy into action-based, instrumental strategies (coalition management, information management, direct involvement and influence in policy, legal action) and discursive  strategies.  Instrumental strategies included the establishment of relationships with
policymakers and direct lobbying against the proposed public policies. Discursive strategies were mainly criticising on the unfounded ground that they lacked evidence of effectiveness and will imply negative impacts on the economy. The industry pointed at individuals for making their own food choices, in order to shift the focus away from the role of its products in contributing to ill health.  We provide evidence of the political practices used by the food industry to interfere with the development and implementation of public health nutrition
policies to improve diets in Central America. Policymakers, public health advocates and the public should be informed about those practices and develop counterstrategies and arguments to protect the public and policies from the vested interests of the food industry.]]></description>
   <guid isPermaLink="false">1397399</guid>
   <pubDate>Tue, 18 Oct 2022 00:00:00 UTC</pubDate>
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<item>
   <title><![CDATA[Protein-Energy Supplementation in Early-Life Decreases the Odds of Mental Distress in Later Adulthood in Guatemala]]></title>
   <author><![CDATA[DiGirolamo, A. M, Varghese, J. S, Kroker-Lobos, M. F, Mazariegos, M, Ramírez-Zea, M, Martorell, R, Stein, A. D]]></author>
   <link>https://bvssan.incap.int/biblio/resource/?id=biblioref.referencesource.1397268</link>
   <description><![CDATA[The prevalence of mental health concerns is growing worldwide, along with lack of access to and receipt of needed treatment. Current gaps in treatment provision have led to exploring alternative methods of prevention, with research linking nutrition and mental health, of particular relevance in low- and middle-income countries, with a high prevalence of undernutrition.  To examine whether exposure to a protein-energy nutritional supplement during the first 1000 d of life decreased odds of mental distress in adulthood among men and women in Guatemala compared with receiving a low energy-no protein supplement or supplementation outside the 1000-d window. Data from participants (n = 1249) in a longitudinal cohort protein-energy supplementation trial (early-life, supplementation data from 1969 to 1977, ages 0–7 y; life course, outcome data from 2017–2018 follow-up, ages 40–57 y) were analyzed for associations between nutrition in the first 1000 d and mental distress in adulthood (WHO Self- Reporting Questionnaire 20 [SRQ-20]), controlling for early-life variables and current life stress; life course variables (e.g. education) were examined as potential mediators of this relation. Generalized linear mixed models and zero-inflated Poisson generalized linear mixed models were utilized.  Both partial and full supplementation with Atole during the first 1000 d were associated with 63% (95% CI:
0.16, 0.87) and 56% (95% CI: 0.19, 1.03) lower odds, respectively, of experiencing mental distress in adulthood.  Did not differ by sex. These inverse relations remained relatively unchanged (partial OR = 0.34 [95% CI: 0.14, 0.83]; full OR = 0.38 [95% CI: 0.16, 0.92]) after controlling for early-life and life course variables, including life stress.  Protein-energy supplementation during the first 1000 d of life in Guatemala, where undernutrition
is prevalent, may reduce the prevalence of later mental distress in adulthood. This effect appears to occur directly, rather than indirectly, through pathways of life course variables such as education, wealth, and marital status.

Keywords: early childhood nutrition, protein-energy]]></description>
   <guid isPermaLink="false">1397268</guid>
   <pubDate>Mon, 17 Oct 2022 00:00:00 UTC</pubDate>
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<item>
   <title><![CDATA[Age at childbirth and change in BMI across the life-course: evidence from the INCAP Longitudinal Study]]></title>
   <author><![CDATA[Mazariegos, M, Varghese, J. S, Kroker-Lobos, M. F, DiGirolamo, A. M, Ramírez-Zea, M, Ramakrishnan, U, Stein, A. D]]></author>
   <link>https://bvssan.incap.int/biblio/resource/?id=biblioref.referencesource.1396781</link>
   <description><![CDATA[Background: Parity has been associated with both short- and long-term weight gain in women. However, it is not
clear if timing of parity across the reproductive age has different associations with BMI.
Methods: To prospectively assess the association between age at childbirth and maternal change in BMI, we analyzed
data from the ongoing INCAP Longitudinal Study, which started in 1969 in four villages in Guatemala. Cohort
women (n=778) provided information on reproductive history and anthropometric measures were measured in
1988-89 (adolescence, 15 to 25y), 2002-04 (early adulthood, 26 to 36y) and 2015-17 (mid adulthood, 37 to 55y). We
evaluated the associations of number of live births in the period preceding each study wave (1969-77 to 1988-89,
1988-89 to 2002-04 and 2002-04 to 2015-17) with BMI change in the same period using multivariable linear regression
models.
Results: Number of live births between 1988 and 89 and 2002-04 was positively associated with increased BMI, while
there was not an association between number of live births and BMI in the other intervals. Women who had one, two,
or three or more children between 1988 and 89 and 2002-04 had 0.90 (kg/m2, 95% CI: -0.55, 2.35), 2.39 (kg/m2, 95%
CI: 1.09, 3.70) and 2.54 (kg/m2, 95% CI: 1.26, 3.82) higher BMI, respectively, than women who did not give birth in the
same period.
Conclusions: Our findings suggest that women who had three or more children during early adulthood gained
more weight compared to women who had no children in the same period. In contrast, women who had children
earlier or later in their reproductive lives did not gain additional weight compared to those who did not have children
during that period. Childbirth may have different]]></description>
   <guid isPermaLink="false">1396781</guid>
   <pubDate>Mon, 17 Oct 2022 00:00:00 UTC</pubDate>
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